When you are designing a fixed-value 3-dB attenuator on a thin film circuit, with a sheet resistivity fixed at 100 ohms per square, the 8.5 ohm value of R 1 for a tee might be a little hard to accurately etch, and the pi might be a better choice. When would you use a tee versus a pi versus a bridged tee? Here's some examples.
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There are two variations of the reflection attenuator, depending on whether the terminations R 1 are less than or greater than the system characteristic impedance Z 0. This allows both the reflection and balanced topologies to be used as variable attenuators with a single control voltage or control current. The tee, pi and bridged tee each require two different resistor values, while the reflection and balanced attenuators need only a matched pair of resistors. There are five common attenuator topologies used in microwave circuits, the tee, the pi, the bridged tee, the reflection attenuator and the balanced attenuator. Similarly, don’t add an attenuator to a power amplifier’s output without considering what it will do to your output power, or what the RF output power of the power amp might do to your attenuator. Two things to consider when you play this game: don’t add an attenuator to an amplifier’s input if you are concerned with the amplifier’s noise figure, every dB of attenuation you put on the input will raise the noise figure by the same amount. By adding an attenuator to the input, you can bring the gain down to 10 dB, and you will be improving the input match. You search the amplifier vendors, and locate an amplifier in your frequency band, but it has 14.5 dB gain and a lousy 2.5:1 match on the input. Why would you want to do that? Suppose your design specification calls for 10 dB gain, with a 1.2:1 maximum VSWR. Gain equalizers Introduction to attenuatorsĪttenuators are passive resistive elements that do the opposite of amplifiers, they kill gain. RMS amplitude and phase of switchable attenuators
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Temperature-compensating fixed attenuatorsĭigital attenuators (stepped attenuators) Here's a clickable index our material on attenuators:Ĭlick here to go to our page on temperature variable attenuators (new for May 2020!)Ĭlick here to go to our page on mechanically-adjustable attenuators (new for June 2019!) Click here to go to our attenuator calculatorĪten, the Egyptian Sun God that you attenuate with SPF-45!